Soil

Definition of Soil

"The meaning of soil or soil is understood differently in different regions depending on its use. For an ordinary farmer, soil means the surface of the earth which is useful for the life of upper crops, trees and plants. For a geologist, the thin layer of earth in which the top of the plant can be roots, soil or soil, the remaining hard part of the earth is called rock. Even in simple parlance, the soft part made of decomposition and disintegration of rocks is called soil or soil and the hard part is called rock. . In Soil Mechanic or Grotechnique, soil refers to all soft disintegrated deposits made up of descomposition and disintegration of rocks which are found between land surface and rocks. . It may also contain unconsolidated minerals, air, water and organic matters."

Indian Soil

What is Soil?

In short, soil is a mixture of minerals, dead and living organisms (biological material), air and water. These four elements react amazingly with each other, making soil one of the most dynamic and important natural resources of our planet.
People use soil in many ways. Because of this it has many definitions. An engineer may view soil as a material upon which the infrastructure is built, while a diplomat may refer to "soil" as the territory of a country. From the perspective of soil scientist, soil is

General introduction and historical review:

The introduction of soil or soil has been going on since prehistoric time for humans, whether it is used for growing crops in the fields or as a material for construction. In ancient times, construction was done, ever since man started construction of houses and roads for transportation, this knowledge increased with experience. Old remains found in excavations at various places suggest that bridges, buildings and canals were built even in that era of civilization. But perhaps the engineers of that time did not give importance to the soil. Although experienced artisans at that time also devised methods to overcome the difficulties encountered in construction due to the behavior of clay. Their solutions were mainly based on experience. The practice of using wood and stone foundation brackets or caissons in soft soils was prevalent in Egypt (2000 B.C.) 2000 years before Egypt. In the old times, the emperor Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia built the world famous Hanging gardens building. The retaining walls of the garden were made of stone, with a lot of soil pressure. Vitruvious, an engineer from Rome, gave instructions about soil foundations in his book written a century before Christ.

Poorly Drained Soil profile

Soil mechanics was not recognized as a subject, but they were well aware of its importance. But due to complete knowledge of soil mechanics, wrong assumptions or disregard of basic principles of soil mechanics, he faced many difficulties and failures. These came mainly due to settlements, fugt i Lateral displacement, soil changing behavior etc. when exposed to water, as opposed to soil hope. Due to these reasons many important buildings were either destroyed or the expenditure of their maintenance became excessive as the soil under the Fig. 12 Taj Mahal buildings was significantly over estimated. A good example of this is the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is currently more than 5 meters from Udhvadhar. Thousands of kilometers of roads, runways and many earthen dams were disrupted because the then engineers could not make accurate predictions about the molded and compacted soil. 1500 A.D. in Southern India There is mention of construction of a 33 meter high soil dam. Soil has been the most complex material among the materials used in the construction work, and even in the olden days, the engineers of the time understood the importance of soil in various constructions. He also used wood and stone caissons or shafts to build on soft and low bearing capacity soils at that time in the Pyramids in Egypt 2000 years before Christ. did. The Taj Mahal, a magnificent edifice built on the banks of the Yamuna at Agra in India, is also a good example of technical knowledge of the time. Its foundation required special care because it is situated on the banks of the river. Even in ancient times, cylindrical masonry well foundations were made for the foundation of constructions on soils with low holding capacity. Other huge, temples, palaces, fortresses, structures built in India since ancient times are good examples of engineering knowledge of that time.

Taj Mahal

Every structure, be it a bridge, a bridge, a dam or a road, its weight ultimately falls on the soil. Since the early period of the development of civilization, the construction of suitable foundation for constructions has been a main problem. Since the beginning man has used soil both as a load bearing material and construction material. Although the engineers of that time were not familiar with soil mechanics as a subject like today, but they did understand its importance. The credit for giving it a scientific view of soil behavior goes to the famous 18th-century French military scientist Coulomb (Coulomb 17361806) who first published his Wedge theory for Earth pressure in 1773. First of all, it is shown that shear strength of soil is due to friction and cohesion of two components. Water flow from soil In 1856, Darcy, and Stoke for the sedimentation of solid particles in the fluid formulated rules that still hold an important place in soil mechanics. In 1857, Rankine gave the pressure of soil (Earth pressure) and the method of calculating its bearing capacity. In the 19th century, Boussinesq-1885 introduced a point load of a semi-infinite elastic medium in a relatively infinite elastic medium. Cause in below medium The method of determining the distribution of stresses was given. In the early 20th century, the Swedish soil scientist Arterberg (Atterberg-1911) showed that different boundaries can be set according to the water present in the clays.

Soil biography profile

Russell (Result-1910) and Bull (Bell-1915) worked out the method of determining the capacity of soil by incorporating the properties of cohesion into the soil pressure theory of Rekin. In 1923 Terzaghi gave his theory of consolidation, when the term Soil mechanics first came to light. Due to making soil mechanics an important branch of engineers, Taragaji is called the father of soil mechanics. In 1933 Proctor made significant contributions to soil compaction. Apart from this, his scientists and engineers contributed from time to time in making this subject important, due to which this subject has assumed so much importance today that there is hardly any engineer manufacturing institution, university college where it does not have a laboratory . It is the result of continual new discoveries in this area that in ancient times, it was not thought to build a 100 feet high dam, while the world's tallest father, Rockfill dam, is more than a thousand feet high in Vardabhan. Today's general construction methods are improving tomorrow's construction methods due to the constant new discoveries.

Soil formation

Scientists studying soil in relation to agricultural practices had considered it primarily a stable substrate. However, under the action of biological and abiotic (not associated with life) processes, soil is the result of growth from more ancient geological materials. After studying soil improvement, other researchers began to study soil origins and consequently soil types and classifications as well.

In 1860, in Mississippi, Eugene W. Hillgard (1833–1916) studied the relationship between rock material, climate, vegetation, and the type of soil developed. He felt that the soil was dynamic, and considered the classification of soil types. [68] Unfortunately his work was not continued. About the same time, Frederick Albert Falou was describing soil profiles and soil characteristics related to their formation as part of his professional work evaluating forest and agricultural land for the principality of Saxony. His 1857 book, Anfungsgründe der Bodenkunde (The first theory of soil science) established modern soil science. Contemporary with Fallou's work, and inspired by the need to assess land for equally equitable taxation, Vasily Dokuchev led a team of soil scientists in Russia who conducted an extensive survey of soil, which found That the same basic rocks, climate and vegetation types are the same soil layer and type, and established concepts for soil classification. Yes. Due to language barriers, the work of this team was not communicated to Western Europe until 1914 through a publication in German by Constantin Dimitrich Glinka, a member of the Russian team.

"Curtis F. Marbut, impressed by the work of the Russian team, translated Glinka's publication into English, and as he was placed in charge of the US National Cooperative Soil Survey, applied it to the national soil classification system."